Not really. There are a few competing theories but the BBT is, for all intents and purposes, universally accepted. That's because there's so much evidence for it.

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Also, considering the rate that new discoveries are made, and the vastness of the universe, there has to be many discoveries in physics yet to be made.

Goodness yes, there is much more that we don't yet know than we do understand. That's why we say that when one question about nature is answered, another 100 questions arise.

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These discoveries would probably have an impact on theories concerning the origin of the universe.

Yes! That the nature of scientific Theories. They all stand, are modified or fall based on evidence. New discoveries frequently force scientists to alter the way they think about and approach directions of studies, or Theories. Recall that a Theory is a system of ideas. One part could be wrong but that wouldn't negate the entire Theory. New evidence might enhance a part of the system or cause another part to be thrown out.

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I just think it's premature to definitively say Big Bang Theory has been proven

Yes, of course it's too soon to say that. However, every new discovery seems to be adding to the already significant evidence that the BB happened.

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Can we even contemplate an amount of time that vast? I mean supposedly, the earth is 4.5 billion years old. An inconceivable amount of time for us to comprehend. Double that number and add it to the earth's age and we're supposedly approaching the age of the universe!

Our insignificance is certainly magnified when we ponder the age and size of the Universe. However, we are equipped with a quantum computer that sits on our shoulders and it has great abilities.

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Might the laws of physics change over such vast lengths of time? Might the laws of physics have been different in the past, or change in the future? Are there areas in the vastness of the universe were the laws of physics are different? Is it out of the realm of possibility for this to be true?

Yes and no. Yes it's possible because we haven't completely explored even the part of our Universe that we can see. And no, because our Universe originated as a homogeneous plasma soup that expanded into space from a common point. So the laws of physics should be the same everywhere in our Universe. Now, if the multiverse Theory is correct, we can definitely expect different laws of physics inother universes.

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Modern astrophysics as a science is only 200 years old. Can we presume to say we have 13 billion years of history ascertained after so short a time?

Well, consider the study of the cosmos to be similar to paleontology. In effect we're studying fossil light and drawing conclusions from what we see in much the same way a paleontologist studies the fossils he digs out of the earth.

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Plus, I just don't trust scientists. I'm sorry, but there's too much grant money at stake. Too much pride. Too many egos. More than a few have been known to skew or interpret data a certain way to support a preferred conclusion. Faulty data means faulty conclusions.

Scientists don't trust each other.

That's why peer review is so important. The consequences for publishing fraudulent data or conclusions are so high in the scientific community that a sort of "death penalty" is automatically applied to anyone who cheats. Believe me, it's effective.

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Based on the evidence, BBT is probably the leading explanation for the origin of the universe. I just think there's more evidence out there. Plus, time is against us. We have only a limited amount of time to study the universe before humanity's time is done.

Humanity is just one stage of intelligent life. I see humanity's main responsibility as being the birth of artificial intelligence. It will be a new species and will succeed us.

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I don't think science has all the answers. I think there are answers science cant provide. I think scientists feel the absolute need to explain everything, and are resistant to admitting there are mysteries in the universe that cant be explained, or ever will be.

Science doesn't attempt to provide "all the answers." Science is reductionism and attempts to understand how nature works. Nothing more and nothing less. The "why" of existence is beyond the scope or interest of science. Scientists are interested only in "how" nature works.